LILA NISAMINAGarífuna Royal Encyclopedia
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Full teaching record

akuinhagua

derived form

Evidence routed

EN to squeal oneself/each other; to constantly squeal

Meaning & authority

Evidence state: SOURCE-ATTESTED LEXICAL SENSE

Attributed sources: LILA Garífuna Diccionario / Salvador Suazo

Academic authority: rules: MARAGAÑ (Shaka) MAGARADA + cited academic laws; engine v2 glass-box

How the form is built

Root: akuinha — to squeal

  • OP:GUA — see LAW_CODEX_v2.1 · OP:GUA
  • LARSEN:GWA_VALENCY — see LAW_CODEX_v2.1 · LARSEN:GWA_VALENCY

middle-reflexive [OP:GUA]

LARSEN:GWA_VALENCY [LARSEN:GWA_VALENCY]

Applied laws: OP:GUA · LARSEN:GWA_VALENCY

Academic teaching rationale

Why — Middle/reflexive ('to X oneself / each other'); Director also rules a continuous reading ('to constantly X': adügagua 'to constantly make'). Distinct from -wa 1PL object ('us': eigawa 'eat us'). (Magarada map + §5; Unit II (massive)) [PRINCIPLES-ONLY — paraphrased]

Why — -gwa reduces transitive valency: reflexive (patient suffix replaced by -gwa, erstwhile patient promoted to prefix; followed by the oblique ún-gwa 'to-self'), reciprocal (partial A/P overlap), anticausative (only P remains). Often surfaces as -gu through morphophonology; -gúwa when stressed. (Haurholm-Larsen, S. (2016). A Grammar of Garifuna. PhD diss., Univ. of Bern (collection upload 2026-07-17, full permission/attribution) §6.1.1 exx.169) [PRINCIPLES-ONLY — paraphrased]

Voices & attributed examples (3)

  1. akuinha lagülerugu

    Salvador Suazo, Lila Garifuna Diccionario A-Y — permission granted · attributed_permission_granted

  2. lakuinhan buiruhu | takuinhan aguri

    Salvador Suazo, Lila Garifuna Diccionario A-Y — permission granted · attributed_permission_granted

  3. (d:) lakuinhan buiruhu | takuinhan aguri

    Lila Garifuna Diccionario (Salvador Suazo) · attributed_permission_granted
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