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alamiduhagubeiyadiwa

Elder review visible

EN we have always been starching clothes alamiduhani (continuously / habitually, up to now)

Meaning & authority

Evidence state: CONTEXT-ATTESTED FORM — source-attributed usage preserved

Attributed sources: Hererun Wagüchagu · The People’s Garífuna Dictionary · stockle carib

Academic authority: MARAGAÑ (Shaka) MAGARADA 2026-06-24 (eibuga aspect family: -dugu frequentative / -gubeiyein perfect-continuous)

How the form is built

Root: alamiduha — to starch clothes alamiduhani

  • PERF.1PL perfect-continuous 'have always been'; on a negative stem = 'never' — MARAGAÑ (Shaka) MAGARADA 2026-06-24 (eibuga aspect family: -dugu frequentative / -gubeiyein perfect-continuous)

Paradigm: aspect

-gubeiyadiwa — PERF.1PL perfect-continuous 'have always been'; on a negative stem = 'never' [MARAGAÑ (Shaka) MAGARADA 2026-06-24 (eibuga aspect family: -dugu frequentative / -gubeiyein perfect-continuous)]

Academic teaching rationale

### alamiduhagubeiyadiwa *“we have always been starching clothes alamiduhani (continuously / habitually, up to now).”* The form **alamiduhagubeiyadiwa** is built upon the root *alamiduha*, “to starch clothes alamiduhani” (The People's Garifuna Dictionary (Cayetano)). To it is joined the perfect-continuous suffix *-gubeiyadiwa* (1PL), which carries 'we have always been …-ing' across all past time; on a negative stem it reads 'we have never been'. Taken whole, the word means precisely “we have always been starching clothes alamiduhani (continuously / habitually, up to now)” — its gloss states the fully-inflected sense, never the bare meaning of the root. Set against its kin, **nalamiduha** (“I starch clothes alamiduhani”); **balamiduha** (“you starch clothes alamiduhani”): each shares the same stem yet bends it to a different shade of meaning, which is exactly how Garífuna wins great precision from a single root. While a citation of this exact form still awaits collection, its root is heard in living speech, as in *“uwa alamiduhadina”* — ‘I am no longer starching’. [elar_sg0340_eaf_gold_annotations_43] *The construction rests on MARAGAÑ (Shaka) MAGARADA 2026-06-24 (eibuga aspect family: -dugu frequentative / -gubeiyein perfect-continuous). This is a principled composition — a cited

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