LILA NISAMINAGarífuna Royal Encyclopedia
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Full teaching record

gatelicity_atelicity_pair_ha_ra

noun (possessed)

Evidence routed

EN having/with -ha = atelic/iterative

Meaning & authority

Evidence state: SOURCE-ATTESTED LEXICAL SENSE

How the form is built

Root: telicity_atelicity_pair_ha_ra — -ha = atelic/iterative

polarity ga-/ma- [MAG:GA_MA]

possession (Haurholm-Larsen 2016) [LARSEN:POSSESSION]

Applied laws: MAG:GA_MA · LARSEN:POSSESSION

Academic teaching rationale

Why — ga- 'have/with X' vs ma- 'without/lacking X' form minimal pairs on nouns (gabunuru/mabunuru luck) and verbs (ga- on a verb = 'does X well'). Stacks with person: mabunurutina 'I have no luck'. m- + root + -gubeiyanu/-gubeiyadiwa = negative perfect 'never'. (Magarada §3, §9; Munro & Gallagher negatives (m-/ma-)) [FULL-AUTHOR-GRANT]

Why — Attributive possession by possessive prefixes with an inalienable/alienable split; non-possessive marking; relational classifiers (3 types); suppletive/non-possessable nouns; predicative possession via denominal possessive predicate (ga-/ma- pair) and comitative 'exist with' (úma) — the exact structures behind MAG:GA_MA and Munro's gáma/máma and the Director's úwati possession teaching. (Haurholm-Larsen, S. (2016). A Grammar of Garifuna. PhD diss., Univ. of Bern (collection upload 2026-07-17, full permission/attribution) §3.5.1 exx.78ff) [PRINCIPLES-ONLY — paraphrased]

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