LILA NISAMINAGarífuna Royal Encyclopedia
Menu

Permanent evidence record

One immutable record. No silent merging.

This address resolves one public-safe V12.1 teaching record by exact shard and immutable record ID. Related records with the same headword remain separate.

Garifuturist language-science illustration

Exact record ee29d5c2a026e3e9 loaded from shard NUM.

Exact audit locator: shard NUM, record ee29d5c2a026e3e9. This page contains that record's server-rendered evidence before browser hydration.

Full teaching record

numadahouwa

derived form

Evidence routed

EN to be mied friend (passive)

Meaning & authority

Evidence state: SOURCE-ATTESTED LEXICAL SENSE

Attributed sources: LILA Garífuna Diccionario / Salvador Suazo

How the form is built

Root: numada — my friend

MAG:CONTRIB §24 [MAG:CONTRIB §24]

LARSEN:WA_PASSIVE [LARSEN:WA_PASSIVE]

Applied laws: MAG:CONTRIB §24 · LARSEN:WA_PASSIVE

Academic teaching rationale

Why — -wa creates intransitives from transitives: PASSIVE (erstwhile O becomes S, indexed on the verb; secondary stress on the stem-final syllable) and IMPERSONAL (no argument indexed: áfarùwa=mèha wabésina 'our neighbour was killed'). Combines with clitics (=nege, =buga). (Haurholm-Larsen, S. (2016). A Grammar of Garifuna. PhD diss., Univ. of Bern (collection upload 2026-07-17, full permission/attribution) §6.1.2 exx.175–176) [PRINCIPLES-ONLY — paraphrased]

Voices & attributed examples (3)

  1. i seda bülanu niga ?, seda bülanu numada

    Salvador Suazo, Lila Garifuna Diccionario A-Y — permission granted · attributed_permission_granted

  2. kaima abinaha merenge, nitu | winba aban merenge, nun numada

    Salvador Suazo, Lila Garifuna Diccionario A-Y — permission granted · attributed_permission_granted

  3. nugia giribai fedu, nesederehaña, seda bülanu numada, -taunaba umadau- seda bülanu niga

    Salvador Suazo, Lila Garifuna Diccionario A-Y — permission granted · attributed_permission_granted
Exact community voice contexts (…)

Occurrence is not definition. These links provide attributed sentence context only; they do not alter this entry's meaning, root, morphology, derivation, translation, evidence state, or elder-review status.

Loading exact community voice contexts…

Open the complete named community voice archive
Community orthography candidates—not admitted examples (…)

Review candidate only. Stress marks may differ, but `ü`, `ñ`, letters, apostrophes, hyphens, and token boundaries are preserved. Nothing here changes spelling, meaning, evidence state, or elder-review status.

Loading review-only community orthography candidates…

Review this form across the complete named voice archive